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Physical fitness is a general state of health and well-being and, more specifically, the ability to perform aspects of sports, occupations, and daily activities. Physical fitness is generally achieved through proper nutrition, moderate to vigorous exercise, physical activity, and sufficient rest. Before the industrial revolution, fitness was defined as the ability to perform the day's activities without undue fatigue. However, with automation and lifestyle changes, physical fitness is now considered a measure of the body's ability to function efficiently and effectively in work and leisure activities, to be healthy, to resist disease hypokinetics and cope with emergency situations.
Figure\(\Page index{1}\):Physical fitness can be achieved through exercise. The photo shows Rich Froning Jr. – four-time winner of the title "The Fittest Man on Earth."
physical fitness
Fitness is defined as the quality or state of being fit. By the 1950s, perhaps in keeping with the treaty of the Industrial Revolution and World War II, the term "fitness" had increased tenfold in the Western vernacular. The modern definition of fitness describes the ability of a person or machine to perform a specific function or a holistic definition of human adaptability to cope with various situations. This has led to an interplay of human fitness and attractiveness that has mobilized the global fitness and fitness equipment industries. With respect to the specific role, fitness is assigned to personnel who possess significant aerobic or anaerobic capacity, ie strength or endurance. Greg Glassman describes a holistic definition of fitness in CrossFit magazine as increased work capacity across broad modal and time domains; mastery of various fitness attributes, including strength, stamina, power, speed, balance, and coordination, and being able to improve the amount of work done in any given time with any of these domains. A complete fitness program will improve a person in all aspects of fitness rather than just one, such as just cardiovascular/respiratory endurance or just weight training.
Figure\(\Page index{2}\):A woman performs plank exercises to strengthen her muscles.
A comprehensive fitness program designed for an individual typically focuses on one or more specific age- or health-related skills and needs, such as bone health. Many sources also cite mental, social, and emotional health as an important part of overall fitness. This is often presented in textbooks as a triangle made up of three points, representing physical, emotional, and mental fitness. Physical fitness can also prevent or treat many chronic health conditions caused by an unhealthy lifestyle or aging. Exercising can also help some people sleep better and possibly alleviate some mood disorders in some people.
Ongoing research has shown that many of the benefits of exercise are mediated through the role of skeletal muscle as an endocrine organ. That is, contracting muscles release multiple substances known as myokines that promote new tissue growth, tissue repair, and various anti-inflammatory functions, which in turn reduce the risk of developing various inflammatory diseases.
activity guidelines
The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans were created by the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. This publication suggests that all adults should avoid inactivity to promote good physical and mental health. For substantial health benefits, adults should get at least 150 minutes (two hours and 30 minutes) per week of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity or 75 minutes (1 hour and 15 minutes) per week of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity. vigorous, or an equivalent combination of moderate and vigorous intensity aerobic activity. Aerobic activity should be done in bouts of at least 10 minutes and should preferably be spread out throughout the week. For additional and broader health benefits, adults should increase their aerobic physical activity to 300 minutes (5 hours) per week of moderate intensity, or 150 minutes per week of vigorous intensity aerobic physical activity, or an equivalent combination of physical activity. moderate and vigorous aerobic. -intensity of activity. Additional health benefits are gained from physical activity beyond this amount. Adults should also do moderate to high intensity muscle-strengthening activities and work all major muscle groups 2 or more days a week, as these activities provide additional health benefits.
How to determine the intensity level using the heart rate and speech test
There are many ways to determine your intensity level, but let's use heart rate as a way to determine how hard you're exercising. First of all, as you sit here reading this eBook, you have a certain heart rate. If you place two fingers on your neck, you can feel your pulse. If you count the number of beats in a minute, you get an approximation of your resting heart rate. The truth is, accurately measuring your resting heart rate requires a much more precise measurement, but for now we'll just use it as your resting heart rate. Take a minute and count your approximate resting heart rate right now! Your resting heart rate was probably between 60 and 90 beats per minute, right? The more physically fit your heart and lungs are, the lower the number! Why? Because your heart doesn't have to work as hard to pump blood throughout your body, so it needs fewer beats if you're fit.
You've probably seen heart rate monitors on treadmills and stair-climbing machines. You've probably seen people using various types of heart rate monitors on devices like the "Apple Watch" and "fit bit" etc. minute. The device estimates your "maximum heart rate" as 220, your age in years. So if you are 20 years old, the device estimates your highest heart rate at 220-20 = 200 beats per minute. Your maximum heart rate is too high for you to try to maintain it during exercise. Instead, there are "target heart rate zones" that you can shoot at. If you want to exercise at a "moderate intensity level," you want your heart rate to be between 50% and 70% of your maximum. If you want to exercise at a "vigorous" intensity level, you'll want your heart rate to be between 75 and 85% of your maximum. Going back to the 20 year old example, if 200 is your maximum heart rate, then 200 x 0.5 = 100 beats per minute for 50% max and 200 x 0.7 = 140 beats per minute for 70% max. This indicates that if you check your pulse during exercise and it counts between 100 and 140 beats per minute, you are doing a "moderate intensity" level of exercise!
Another much easier, though less accurate, way of estimating volume level is the "talk test." Basically, if you can carry on a breathy conversation while exercising, you're probably at a moderate intensity level. If you can't carry on a conversation because you're too out of breath (difficulty breathing), you're probably doing vigorous exercise. Many people prefer this method because it does not require any equipment or require you to stop and count your heartbeat.
Training
Specific or task-oriented aptitude is a person's ability to perform a specific activity with reasonable efficiency: for example, sports or military service. Specific training prepares athletes to perform well in their sports. Examples are:
- 100m race: in a sprint race the athlete must be trained to work anaerobically throughout the race, an example of how to do this would be interval training.
- Middle Distance Running – Athletes need speed and stamina to benefit from this workout. Hard working muscles are at their peak for a longer period of time since they are used at that level for a longer period of time.
- Marathon: in this case the athlete must be trained to work aerobically and his resistance must be built to the maximum.
- Many firefighters and police officers undergo regular physical examinations to determine if they are capable of performing the physically demanding tasks that the job requires.
- Often, members of the military must pass a formal aptitude test; for example, soldiers in the US Army must be able to pass the Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT).
- Hill Sprints: Requires an initial level of fitness, the exercise is particularly good for the leg muscles. The army often trains in mountaineering and running.
- Running on sand creates less stress on the leg muscles than running on grass or concrete. This is because the sand crumbles underfoot, softening the landing. Sand training is an effective way to lose weight and get in shape, as it has been shown that it takes more effort (one and a half times more) to run on soft sand than on a hard surface.
- Aquajogging is a form of exercise that reduces stress on joints and bones. The water provides minimal impact to the muscles and bones, which is good for those recovering from injuries. In addition, the resistance of the water when the person runs provides an enhanced effect of the exercise (the deeper it is, the greater the force required to pull the leg).
Figure\(\Page index{3}\):Swimmers perform squats before entering the pool at a US military base, 2011
- Swimming: The squat exercise helps improve the swimmer's start.
For physical fitness to benefit an individual's health, the exertion will trigger an unknown response in the person called a stimulus. When exercise is performed with the correct amount of intensity, duration, and frequency, significant improvement can occur. The person may feel better overall, but the physical effects on the human body take weeks or months to notice and possibly years to fully develop. For training purposes, the exercise must place stress or demand on a function or tissue. To continue with the improvements, this demand must increase little over a long period of time. This type of physical training has three basic principles: overload, specificity and progression. These principles are related to health, but also to the improvement of physical capacity for work.
High-intensity interval training consists of short, repeated bursts of exercise that are completed at a high intensity level. These sets of intense activity are followed by a predetermined amount of rest or low-intensity activity. Studies have shown that exercising at a higher intensity increases cardiac benefits for humans compared to exercising at a low or moderate level. When your training consists of a HIIT session, your body has to work harder to replenish lost oxygen. Research on the benefits of HIIT has revealed that it can be very successful in reducing fat, especially around the abdominal area. Also, compared to continuous moderate exercise, HIIT burns more calories and increases the amount of fat burned after the HIIT session. Lack of time is one of the main reasons given for not exercising; HIIT is a great alternative for these people because the duration of a HIIT session can be as little as 10 minutes, making it much faster than conventional workouts.
Cardiovascular capacity can be measured using VO2max, a measure of how much oxygen the body can take in and use. Cardiorespiratory training involves movements that increase the heart rate to improve the body's oxygen consumption. This form of exercise is an important part of every training regimen, from professional athletes to the average person. Also, it helps increase stamina. Examples are:
- Jogging: running at a steady, easy pace. This form of exercise is excellent for maintaining weight.
- Elliptical Trainer – This is a stationary exercise machine used for walking or running without putting undue stress on your joints. This form of exercise is perfect for people with hip, knee and ankle pain.
- Walking: Moving at a fairly regular pace over a short, medium, or long distance.
- Treadmill Training – Many treadmills have programs set up that offer a multitude of different training plans. An effective cardiovascular activity would be to alternate between running and walking. Generally, warm up by walking first, and then alternate between walking for three minutes and jogging for three minutes.
- Swimming: using arms and legs to stay afloat and move forward or backward. This is a good total body exercise for anyone looking to strengthen their core while improving cardiovascular endurance at the same time.
- Cycling: Cycling generally involves longer distances than walking or running. This is another low-stress joint exercise and is great for building leg strength.
fitness benefits
Being physically fit has been shown to have positive effects on the body's blood pressure, because being active and exercising regularly strengthens the heart. The heart is the main organ responsible for systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. Engaging in a physical activity will create an increase in blood pressure once the activity is stopped, however the individual's blood pressure will return to normal. The more physical activity a person engages in, the easier this process becomes, resulting in a more "fit" individual. A "normal" blood pressure is considered 120/80 or less. Through regular exercise, the heart does not have to work as hard to increase blood pressure, which decreases the force on the arteries and lowers overall blood pressure.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provides lifestyle guidelines for maintaining a balanced diet and engaging in physical activity to reduce the risk of disease. The WCRF/American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) has published a list of recommendations that reflect the evidence they have found across consistency in physical fitness and dietary factors that directly relate to cancer prevention.
Studies have shown an association between increased physical activity and reduced inflammation. It produces a short-term inflammatory response and a long-term anti-inflammatory effect. Physical activity reduces inflammation along with or independently of changes in body weight. However, the mechanisms that link physical activity with inflammation are unknown.
Physical activity stimulates the immune system. This depends on the concentration of endogenous factors (such as sex hormones, metabolic hormones, and growth hormones), body temperature, blood flow, hydration status, and body position. Physical activity has been shown to increase levels of natural killer (NK) cells, NK T cells, macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils, complement, cytokines, antibodies, and cytotoxic T cells. However, the mechanism that links physical activity to the immune system is not fully understood.
Physical activity affects blood pressure, cholesterol levels, blood lipid levels, blood clotting factors, and the strength of blood vessels. All factors that directly correlate with cardiovascular disease. It also improves the body's use of insulin. People at risk of diabetes, especially type 2 (insulin resistant), greatly benefit from physical activity, as it activates better insulin use and protects the heart. Those who develop diabetes are at increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease. In a study that evaluated a sample of about ten thousand adults from the Third National Health and Nutrition Survey, physical activity and metabolic risk factors such as insulin resistance, inflammation, and dyslipidemia were evaluated. The study adjusted for basic confounders with moderate/intense physical activity and the relationship with CVD mortality. The results showed that physical activity is associated with a lower risk of CVD mortality independent of traditional metabolic risk factors.
The American Heart Association recommendations include the same findings provided in the WCRF/AICR list of recommendations for healthy people. As for people with low blood pressure or cholesterol, the association recommends that these people aim for about forty minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity about three to four times a week.
Achieving resilience through physical fitness promotes a wide and complex range of health-related benefits. People who maintain levels of physical fitness generally regulate the distribution of body fat and avoid obesity. Abdominal fat, specifically visceral fat, is the most directly affected by aerobic exercise. Strength training is known to increase the amount of muscle in the body, but it can also reduce body fat. Sex steroid hormones, insulin, and an adequate immune response are factors that mediate metabolism toward abdominal fat. Therefore, physical fitness provides weight control through the regulation of these bodily functions.
Regular exercise is effective in preventing age-related cognitive decline and improving general neuropsychological function. Increased synthesis of neurotrophic factors in the body and brain and the resulting neurogenesis in various brain structures is largely responsible for these effects. Exercise also has persistent antidepressant effects and has been found to serve as a means of preventing and treating drug addictions, particularly addictions to psychostimulants.
Menopause is the term used to refer to the stretch before and after a woman's last menstrual cycle. there are an instrumental number of symptoms linked to menopause, most of which can affect the quality of life of women involved in this phase of their lives. One way to reduce the severity of symptoms is to exercise and maintain a healthy level of fitness. Before or during menopause, as a woman's body changes, there may be physical, physiological, or internal changes to the body. These changes can be prevented or reduced with regular exercise.
Collaborators and Tasks
- Wikipedia
FAQs
What is nutrition and physical fitness? ›
Physical fitness is a general state of health and well-being and, more specifically, the ability to perform aspects of sports, occupations and daily activities. Physical fitness is generally achieved through proper nutrition, moderate-vigorous physical exercise, physical activity, and sufficient rest.
What are the eight 8 components of physical fitness? ›- Body Composition.
- Muscular Fitness.
- Cardiorespiratory Endurance.
- Flexibility.
- Balance.
- Coordination.
- Power.
- Agility.
Physical fitness is considered as a measure of the body's ability to function efficiently and effectively during work and leisure activities. In order to remain physically fit and healthy, we need to engage ourselves in physical activities and take measures for physically fit.
What are the 5 main physical fitness keys? ›What Are the Components of Physical Fitness? A: The five components of physical fitness are cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility and body composition, according to Fit Day.
What are the 4 types of nutrition? ›...
Types of Heterotrophic Nutrition
- Holozoic Nutrition.
- Saprophytic Nutrition.
- Parasitic Nutrition.
- Carbohydrates.
- Proteins.
- Fats.
- Vitamins.
- Minerals.
- Dietary fibre.
- Water.
Cardiovascular endurance: the ability to perform exercises at moderate-to-vigorous intensities for a prolonged period of time. Muscular strength: how much force your muscles can exert or how heavy weights they can lift. Muscular endurance: the ability of your muscles to sustain exercise for a period of time.
What are the 4 pillars of fitness? ›However, there are four main pillars of fitness, consisting of strength, aerobic capacity, flexibility and body composition. When considering athletic performance however, additional components such as power, stamina, agility and speed should be considered.
What are the 3 types of physical fitness? ›Language switcher. The three main types of physical activity are aerobic, muscle strengthening, and bone strengthening. Balance and flexibility activities are also beneficial. Aerobic activity is the type that benefits your heart and lungs the most.
What are 2 types of physical fitness? ›Physical fitness can be defined in two categories: health related and motor related. The health related components of physical fitness are of great importance because they make an individual fit, functional and productive for everyday living.
What are the 7 concepts of physical fitness? ›
JERRY Diaz, a certified National Academy of Sports Medicine personal trainer, said there are seven principles of exercise: individuality, specificity, progression, overload, adaptation, recovery, and reversibility.
What are the 10 pillars of fitness? ›They are cardiovascular/respiratory endurance, stamina, strength, flexibility, power, coordination, agility, balance, and accuracy. You are as fit as you are competent in each of these 10 skills, and a regimen develops fitness to the extent that it improves each of these 10 skills.
What are the 6 pillars of fitness? ›...
If you don't have one, contact us, we have many excellent therapists we can refer you too!
- SPIRITUALITY (Soul) ...
- RELATIONSHIPS (Soul) ...
- SLEEP (Mind) ...
- STRESS MANAGEMENT (Mind) ...
- NUTRITION/FUEL (Body)
- Strength. Strength as a component of fitness refers to the amount of force a muscle can exert against a resistance.
- Muscular endurance. ...
- Cardiovascular fitness. ...
- Body composition. ...
- Flexibility. ...
- Agility. ...
- Speed. ...
- Coordination.
The 3 keys to optimal nutrition are balance, quality, and timing. To maintain balance, eat from all or most of the food groups. Eat the right amount for your activity and performance goals.
What are the Big 3 in nutrition? ›The “big 3” macronutrients (macros) are fats, carbohydrates and protein. When eaten in the right ratios, these three macronutrients can improve your weight, health and overall physical well-being. In general, most adults should target their diets to comprise of 45-65% Carbohydrates, 10-35% Protein and 20-35% Fat.
What are the 5 basics of nutrition? ›Nutrients are normally divided into five categories: Water, protein, carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins.
What does your body need daily? ›The six essential nutrients are vitamins, minerals, protein, fats, water, and carbohydrates. People need to consume these nutrients from dietary sources for proper body function. Essential nutrients are crucial in supporting a person's reproduction, good health, and growth.
What are 3 reasons why nutrition is important? ›A healthy diet throughout life promotes healthy pregnancy outcomes, supports normal growth, development and ageing, helps to maintain a healthy body weight, and reduces the risk of chronic disease leading to overall health and well-being.
What is the strongest component of your fitness? ›Cardiorespiratory endurance is considered the most important component of health-related fitness because the functioning of the heart and lungs is so essential to overall wellness.
What does Fitt stand for? ›
FITT (frequency, intensity, time, and type) is one way to remember the general guidelines for what should be included in a fitness plan. Remember, it's important to keep in mind that each family member's fitness goals will be different based on age, sex, current fitness level, and available resources.
What is the main rule of exercise? ›The World Health Organization recommends that adults ages 18 to 64 get at least 150 minutes of moderate intensity exercise or at least 75 minutes of vigorous exercise each week. If you can, they specify that two days should be focused on strengthening muscles, like resistance or weight training.
What are the 5 common training principles? ›Training means engaging in activity to improve performance and/or fitness; this is best accomplished by understanding general sports training principles: overload, reversibility, progression, individualization, periodization, and specificity.
What are the three 3 components of a fitness routine? ›Whether you're a beginner, intermediate or advanced exerciser, you should devote time to cardiovascular, resistance and flexibility training.
What is the most important muscle in the body? ›The human heart is the most incredible muscle in the body, beating about 100,000 times to send 3,600 gallons of blood through 75,000 miles of blood vessels each day.
What is the 10 best exercise? ›- Lunges. Challenging your balance is an essential part of a well-rounded exercise routine. ...
- Pushups. Drop and give me 20! ...
- Squats. ...
- Standing overhead dumbbell presses. ...
- Dumbbell rows. ...
- Single-leg deadlifts. ...
- Burpees. ...
- Side planks.
To be physically fit you should have: 1) aerobic (cardiovascular) endurance, which is the ability of your heart and lungs to supply oxygen during sustained physical activity; 2) muscular endurance and strength to perform activity without fatigue and with the force needed to do the job; and 3) healthy body composition, ...
What is a simple definition of fitness? ›Experts define physical fitness as “one's ability to execute daily activities with optimal performance, endurance, and strength with the management of disease, fatigue, and stress and reduced sedentary behavior.”
What are the 10 benefits of physical fitness? ›- Improve your memory and brain function (all age groups).
- Protect against many chronic diseases.
- Aid in weight management.
- Lower blood pressure and improve heart health.
- Improve your quality of sleep.
- Reduce feelings of anxiety and depression.
- Combat cancer-related fatigue.
- Exercise Daily. Exercise daily for at least an hour. ...
- Eat the Right Foods and Portion Each Meal. No matter how bad your stomach is telling you to go for candy over healthy food, try to stay away from sweets. ...
- Keep Track of Calories and Food Intake Per Day. ...
- Be Sure to Get Sleep. ...
- Stay Motivated.
What are the 7 steps in creating a fitness plan? ›
- Step 1: Know Your Fitness Level and Your Body. Fitness is all about reaching a specific goal. ...
- Step 2: Determine Your SMART Goal.
- Step 3 : Take Little Steps. ...
- Step 4 : Stay Positive and Keep Going. ...
- Step 5 : Create Your Exercise Schedule. ...
- Step 6 : Get Started. ...
- Step 7 : Track Your Progress.
- Walking, biking, and climbing stairs strengthen muscles in your lower body. ...
- Stretching loosens tight muscles, which can affect posture and balance.
- Yoga strengthens and stretches tight muscles while challenging your static and dynamic balance skills.
- Standing with your weight on one leg and raising the other leg to the side or behind you.
- Putting your heel right in front of your toe, like walking a tightrope.
- Standing up and sitting down from a chair without using your hands.
- Walking while alternating knee lifts with each step.
Eating smart and being active have similar effects on our health. These include: Reduce the risk of chronic diseases, such as diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke, and some cancers and associated disabilities. Prevent weight gain and/or promote weight loss.
What is the meaning of physical fitness? ›Physical fitness involves the performance of the heart and lungs, and the muscles of the body. And, since what we do with our bodies also affects what we can do with our minds, fitness influences to some degree qualities such as mental alertness and emotional stability.
How important is nutrition to physical fitness of a person? ›When healthy eating habits become a lifestyle, we are healthier and happier. Eating right can help us reduce body fat, lose a few pounds, feel more confident, and reduce our risk of illness. Frequent studies are indicating healthy food intake as the most important part of our fitness programs.
How does nutrition and fitness work together? ›Proper nutrition is imperative to maximize athletic performance. Without enough carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, athletes may feel sluggish and fatigued during a workout or ravenously hungry. Athletes may also need to focus on specific vitamins and minerals for fitness performance, such as iron, vitamin D, and zinc.
What are the 3 importance of physical fitness? ›Being physically active can improve your brain health, help manage weight, reduce the risk of disease, strengthen bones and muscles, and improve your ability to do everyday activities.
What foods provide the most energy? ›- Oatmeal. The complex carbs in oatmeal mean it's a slow-burning source of energy. ...
- Bananas. ...
- Yogurt. ...
- Sesame seeds. ...
- Cinnamon. ...
- Water. ...
- Beans. ...
- Lentils are tasty little legumes, rich in carbs and fiber.
Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables. Choose foods that are low in added sugars, saturated fats, and sodium. Pick whole grains and lean sources of protein and dairy products. Practice all four types of exercise—endurance, strength, balance, and flexibility.